Aims, scope of practice, social work standards, conversations about end of life, spirituality, discrimination against LGBTIQA+ community, possible practice approach
This page has three sections:
Background Material that provides the context for the topic
A suggested Practice Approach
A list of Supporting Material / References
Feedback welcome!
Background Information
Compiled from
CareSearch at https://www.caresearch.com.au/caresearch/tabid/2738/Default.aspx
Palliative Care Social Work Australia at https://pcswa.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/PCSWA-Palliative-and-End-of-Life-Care-Standards-_FINAL_20May2020.pdf
Association of Palliative Care Social Workers. (2016). The role of social workers in palliative, end of life and bereavement care. Retrieved from https://www.apcsw.org.uk/resources/social-work-role-eol.pdf
Aims of Palliative Care
Palliative care is applicable once a terminal illness diagnosis occurs. It can occur early in the course of an illness or anywhere along the illness trajectory.
The focus of palliative care is to
provide relief from pain and other distressing symptoms.
affirm life and regard dying as a normal process.
intend neither to hasten nor to postpone death.
integrate the psychological and spiritual aspects of patient care.
offer a support system to help patients live as actively as possible until death.
offer a support system to help the family cope during the patient’s illness and in their own bereavement.
use a team approach to address the needs of patients and their families, including bereavement counselling, if indicated.
enhance quality of life and may also positively influence the course of illness; and
Scope of Practice
Social workers support people to make change in their life to improve their personal and social wellbeing. They have knowledge of human behaviour and development, life cycle stages, families and social networks, disability and health, including mental health. Social workers may counsel people or be involved in advocacy, community engagement and social action to address issues at both the personal and social level.
Start with assessment (bio-psycho-social-spiritual). Assessment is about seeing the person within the context of their illness and how it’s affected them psychologically, spiritually, financially, socially and legally (e.g. advanced care planning, powers of attorney).
It is essential to support the carer (advocacy with Centrelink, schools, place of work, or just with counselling). Sometimes couple and/or family counselling is important. Linking children up with music and art therapies can be of assistance in coping with their parent’s illness and in bereavement.
Social workers can also provide bereavement support follow up: for 13 months after a loved one dies (one on one counselling, ceremony of remembrance, support groups).
Social workers also need to be aware of the mental health of people: people often come to palliative care with a diagnosed illness such as schizophrenia or a personality disorder, or anxiety or depression. This impacts on how we treat people and the interventions we use.
A Strengths Perspective on Caregiving
Caregivers exhibit many strengths when caring for someone at end-of-life (Hughes, 2015). While describing the total experience as “hard work”, “intense”, “distressing”, “horrendous”, and “traumatic”, caregivers also said it was “a privilege”, “rewarding”, “very, very satisfying”, “probably the best family time [since being a child, but also] the worst”, and “a great thing to be able to do”.
A deep investigation of carers’ experiences showed in spite of the references to exhaustion, distress, fear, confusion, doubt, guilt, worry, and deep loss, a range of strengths operated. In this study, the strengths that emerged included: courage, determination, acceptance, humour, and empathy. People’s strengths were not clearly apparent, obscured beneath stories of struggle, adversity, and irreplaceable loss, as well as from the chaos generated by grief, and a widespread propensity to direct attention towards the negative aspects of caregiving and bereavement.
Courage: an attitude which enabled people to do what they believed needed to be done at a particular point in time. Courage operated in conjunction with fear and dread. Other manifestations included challenging authority, assuming responsibility for unfamiliar duties, and remaining in the presence of suffering.
Determination: Determination assisted people when others criticised their efforts or undermined their ability to do the best for the person who was dying.
Acceptance: Acceptance involved making a conscious decision to be open to what was happening, often resulting in a sense of comfort. Acceptance was also evident in carers allowing the depth of grief to be felt, signifying that they had experienced a profound and life-changing loss. Seeking and accepting help was also a strength demonstrated by participants.
Humour: Many participants employed humour to help manage adversity. Sharing their humour with others was a prosocial behaviour that helped to lighten situations and ease anguish. Remembering amusing moments or making light of some incident prevented people from being overwhelmed by deep sadness or grief.
Empathy: Carers’ skills in observing nonverbal cues often enabled them to intuit what another person was experiencing, evident in the experiences of seeking pain relief or staying with their significant other person as death approached. People’s empathy often extended beyond the person who was dying to include others in their community, particularly children and the elderly.
Social Work Palliative Care Standards (more detail at the Palliative Care Social Work Australia site above)
Values and Ethics Social workers demonstrate that the values of social work are integral to their practice in palliative and end or life care. They uphold their ethical responsibilities and they act appropriately when faced with ethical problems, issues and dilemmas.
Professionalism Social workers demonstrate active promotion and support of the social work profession in the provision of palliative and end of life care, act with integrity and ensure accountability.
Culturally Responsive and Inclusive Practice Social workers have a good understanding and knowledge of cultural diversity in order to work in a culturally responsive and inclusive way in providing palliative and end of life.
Knowledge for Practice Social workers have (and obtain) the knowledge required for effective practice in palliative and end of life care.
Applying Knowledge to Practice Social workers demonstrate the skills required to implement knowledge into practice for the provision of palliative and end of life care, while being mindful of the social work commitment to the human rights perspective.
Communication and Interpersonal Skills Social workers demonstrate skills required to communicate and work effectively with others in the delivery of palliative and end of life care.
Information Recording and Sharing Social workers are accountable and responsible for the information they collect, share and keep in the provision of palliative and end of life care.
Professional Development and Supervision Social workers demonstrate commitment to ongoing learning through supervision and continuing professional development of self and others. Professional supervision of social work practice is essential to working effectively in palliative and end of life care.
Relevance of social work
The individual should be at the centre of decision making with decisions tailored to each individual. Goal setting for palliative care requires full and open discussion with the patient, family, carer and all relevant medical and nursing staff around their wishes and needs.
After addressing immediate physical needs, patients’ overriding concerns are often for people that are important to them and family members, or how to pay the bills, or how to stay ‘me’ while grappling with what it means to have lost the ‘future’ they and those around them had taken for granted.
People with a palliative illness often experience a progressive loss of meaning as their condition worsens and their health declines towards the ultimate loss of identity, death itself. Different illnesses typically affect the individual’s function over time—cancer (sudden deterioration close to death), organ failure (steady deterioration with death coming from an (sudden) acute episode) and dementia/frailty (low baseline function steadily deteriorates). It is not difficult to imagine how empowering and reassuring it could be to talk to someone about how you see yourself, what is important for you, to be encouraged tell decision makers what you want, and how care can be personalised for you from an early stage, and have that conversation continue with various professionals involved in your care as the illness progresses.

Discuss end of life arrangements (guardianship, power of attorney, etc.) at least twelve months before death.This prevents overuse of therapies that try to extend life; instead, interventions should include early conversations about patient care goals and values, family support, carefully titrated pain control with frequent follow-up, non-pain symptom management, and psychosocial and spiritual support.
Conversations About the End-of-Life
Don’t panic!
Don’t avoid the question or aim to close it down with well-meaning euphemisms or busyness.
Don’t rush a response based on your own discomfort.
Keep communication open in as far as you can. Gently probe to find out what’s behind the question: “What makes you ask that?” or “How are you feeling?” or “What is your biggest worry at the moment?”, “Are you feeling worried/afraid?” or “What do you understand by what the doctor said?” or, simply “How can I help?”
It’s also okay to say “I don’t know” if you don’t. It might be appropriate to say you cannot answer the question, but you will try to find someone that can help
Always remember: 1. Deal with people’s concerns before getting into details. 2. Take a moment to ask: what is this person most worried about at the moment. 3. You may not have the answer, but you can listen and link the patient up with someone who can.
Spirituality in Palliative Care (Puchalski, 2001).
Religion and spirituality form the basis of meaning and purpose for many people. Patients may be asking question such as: Why is this happening to me now? What will happen to me after I die? Will my family survive my loss? Will I be missed? Will I be remembered? Is there a God? If so, will he be there for me? Will I have time to finish my life’s work? It is difficult to know what to say; there are no real answers.
One can begin with the following:
Practising compassionate presence—i.e., being fully present and attentive to their patients and being supportive to them in all of their suffering: physical, emotional, and spiritual
Listening to patients’ fears, hopes, pain, and dreams
Obtaining a spiritual history
The FICA method of taking a spiritual history
F Faith and belief. Ask: Are there spiritual beliefs that help you cope with stress or difficult times? What gives your life meaning?
I Importance and influence. Ask: Is spirituality important in your life? What influence does it have on how you take care of yourself? Are there any particular decisions regarding your health that might be affected by these beliefs?
C Community. Ask: Are you part of a spiritual or religious community?
A Address/action. Think about what you as the health care provider need to do with the information the patient shared—e.g., refer to a chaplain, meditation or yoga classes, or another spiritual resource. It helps to talk with the chaplain in your hospital to familiarize yourself with available resources.
Being attentive to all dimensions of patients and their families: body, mind, and spirit
Incorporating spiritual practices as appropriate
Involving chaplains as members of the interdisciplinary health care team
Music at End of Life
From Pearson (2022)
Music has a rich and valuable role to play at the end of life. When we are involved in someone’s dying process, music can add a richness to this mysterious, often painful, and very often beautiful experience.
Introducing music into a care relationship can be intimidating for some, although it doesn’t need to be. Whether you are a volunteer, a health care provider, family member of a person who is dying, or currently receiving palliative care yourself, music can find its way into the dying process and help make it more meaningful.
Speak Through Songs: pick a piece of music that expresses something you would like to say to your loved one or client. It can be one song, or an entire album. It can be happy, sad, reminiscent, angry, silly, pensive or forlorn; the music can tell a story, speak a prayer, or say I love you. Listen to the recording together, or if you’re a performing musician, play or sing it. You can discuss it after or simply let the music hang in the air and speak for itself.
Songs for Every Year: reflect on the life of the person who is dying. What is one song that represents each year of this person’s life? It can be one song a year or one song a decade. Pick the songs – you can create a playlist or CD of them all, discuss whether to use some of them for a future memorial service or funeral, or simply use the song titles as a means for reviewing a life lived.
Sing, Sing, Sing: Sing together. Sing your favourite songs. Start with kids’ songs if that’s easier. Singing silly songs can beget laughter, which is the best medicine of all. Sing songs that have personal significance – hits from teenage years, lullabies sung to children, songs from a religious or cultural tradition if that is relevant. Singing is a powerful healing tool that humans and other mammals use instinctively.
Create Supportive Playlists: Music can be chosen selectively to be played at different times of day, for different purposes. Find live or recorded music to play for relaxation before a stressful procedure, for rest at bedtime, or for pain management. Make a schedule if that is helpful. Experiment with different kinds of music: maybe someone finds Celtic harp the perfect bedtime soundtrack, while Metallica seems to get them through a dressing change or bed transfer.
Ask the Questions: Try to avoid asking, “what kind of music do you like,” and ask instead, “what music has been meaningful in your life?” You will be inviting a richer scope of answers. This can be a catalyst for a deep, connective conversation with someone. Music accompanies people on their life journeys and almost everyone will have some kind of profound story to share about how music has supported a meaningful moment in their lives.
Anyone can incorporate music into care. Music is inherently human, healing, and connecting, and music care happens in relationship. Bringing music into the dying process can add meaning, depth, and soulfulness to all involved (Pearson, 2022).
Discrimination against LGBTIQA+ People in Palliative Care
From Doherty & Barrett (2021)
Palliative care for LGBTIQA+ people with life-limiting conditions should be accessible, inclusive and affirm their right to dignity and respect. However, palliative care services are not living up to this ideal.
Palliative care services today still discriminate against patients’ family of choice and continue to preference biological families even though LGBTIQA+ communities are more likely to involve their family of choice rather than their family of origin when in palliative care.
Recent research revealed high rates of discrimination or “anticipatory fear” of discrimination that limited access to palliative care for people in the LGBTIQA+ community. This discrimination is a result of the experiences of partners, friends and families during the HIV/AIDS epidemic that happened 40 years ago. There is a need for workforce education and training, inclusive policies, and procedures and services that are respectful, compassionate and person-centred.
Barriers to palliative care for sexuality and gender diverse people include:
a lack of recognition of chosen family partners, carers and next of kin,
discrimination and stigma,
social isolation and loneliness,
fear of sub-standard care from faith-based palliative care providers,
disrespect for bodily autonomy,
fears of being mis-gendered, and
failure by staff to use preferred pronouns.
Because of this LGBTIQA+ people can delay palliative care, not disclose their sexuality, and report fatigue when having to educate healthcare professionals about their needs.
What works well?
Dignity and respect for the chosen family and partner.
Correct gendering.
Using a person’s correct name and pronoun.
Allowing the partner to stay in the room with a patient at end of life.

Practice Approach
Social workers must work in partnership with people they offer support to. They work alongside other professions, agencies, organisations and as part of the wider community in which they are based. Social work expertise complements the knowledge of others such as nurses, occupational therapists, physiotherapists, counsellors, psychologists, advocates, chaplains and doctors; as well as the inherent wisdom of communities. Social workers value people as individuals, and ensure their wishes and needs are respected at end of life and when bereaved.
An Approach That Could Be Used
1. Assess the emotional, social, spiritual and financial needs of the patient and family
Bio-psycho-social-spiritual assessment of person and immediate carer; identify any cultural issues
It may be appropriate to use the psycho-existential symptom assessment scale [ Psycho-Existential Symptom Assessment Scale (PeSAS) ] to assess the following symptoms: level of discouragement, entrapment, hopelessness, pointlessness, loss of control, loss of roles, anxious, depressed, wish to die and confusion.Topics 9 and 10 in the End of Life Essentials resource in the Supporting Material below will guide social workers in using this assessment scale.
2. Consult with and access advice, information, and input from other allied health professionals as appropriate. For example, source a palliative care volunteer to
Provide needed non-medical services, letter writing, errands, and respite time for family
Provide companionship and support to patient and family
Provide support at time of death and during bereavement
3. Develop and continually refine a care plan to meet identified needs of the person, family and carers (practical, emotional, psychological and spiritual support). Do this from a rights and justice perspective by empowering the person (and or with the carer/family) to make decisions and exercise choice in their care and decision-making to get the support needed. (Refer to the section above on the strengths of caregivers.)
During initial assessment and throughout the journey of caring, it is important to discover and rediscover carers’ strengths by asking such questions as, “How have you managed so far? What has enabled you to continue caring given all the challenges you’ve had to face? What are your hopes? What would be helpful to enable you to achieve your goals?”.By employing a spirit of curiosity, being sensitive to cultural and structural contexts, respecting diversity, and applying skills of careful observation, listening and understanding, a strengths orientation promotes a person-centered approach in which “the helping relationship becomes one of collaboration, mutuality and partnership”.
4. Provide ongoing emotional and bereavement support before and after death. For example:
Direct counselling:
§ Collaborative and supportive listening
Ø Are you feeling worried about dying? What has been going on?
Ø I wonder whether there’s something you want to talk about?
Ø Do you want to talk about how you’re feeling?
Ø Gently probe: “What makes you ask that?” or “How are you feeling?” or “What is your biggest worry at the moment?”, “Are you feeling worried/afraid?” or “What do you understand by what the doctor said?” or, simply “How can I help?”
Use the relevant social work practice approach, e.g. grief and loss, carers, dementia
Refer the terminally ill person and carer/family to appropriate community agencies if necessary (both physical and online)
Discuss end-of-life issues, e.g. Enduring Guardian, Power of Attorney, “do not resuscitate”
Provide resources around what happens when someone dies
Consider suggesting music and art therapies for children
5. Mobilise social support
With permission, make contact with friends of the person, carer and family, urging them to remain part of the family’s life
Help friends, families and partners to feel involved in care and decision-making
If appropriate, empower the person and those close to them to work towards completion of any unfinished business and say their goodbyes
6. Provide options if financial, legal and spiritual support is necessary. For example:
A pastor or other appropriate person for spiritual support (providing comfort and helping to relieve isolation)
You could use the FICA approach (outlined below in Background Information - the Spirituality section)
A financial counsellor
A solicitor to arrange power of attorney and enduring guardian provisions
A funeral director
7. Advocate for the person or family if necessary
For people’s rights including supporting them to access the information and help they need
Around legal and financial issues
With the care team to promote best outcomes
Organise respite care or placement in a residential aged care facility
8. Provide or set up a procedure for bereavement support follow up (e.g. counselling, ceremony of remembrance, support group). Palliative care volunteer organisations may help with this.
Supporting Material
(available on request)
CareSearch at https://www.caresearch.com.au/caresearch/tabid/2738/Default.aspx
CareSearch provides tools to help the person, carer and family. It also has links to relevant research and practice approaches.
Searching for evidence at https://www.caresearch.com.au/caresearch/tabid/122/Default.aspx
Using evidence in practice at https://www.caresearch.com.au/caresearch/tabid/320/Default.aspx
Supporting patients, carers and families with information (printable factsheets, print resources, practical caring resources, grief and loss resources) at https://www.caresearch.com.au/caresearch/tabid/2761/Default.aspx
Links to online teaching resources at https://www.caresearch.com.au/caresearch/tabid/3882/Default.aspx. Some topics covered include Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander health, advance care planning, bereavement, endo-of-life decision making, general palliative care, pain management, psychological, symptom management, using evidence and a list of other courses.
Links blogs, case stories, special interest or support groups at https://www.caresearch.com.au/caresearch/tabid/2738/Default.aspx
Links to palliAGED pages covering communication skills, comorbidity, dignity and quality of life, family conflict, resiliesnce, self-care, social support and spiritual care at https://www.caresearch.com.au/caresearch/tabid/2738/Default.aspx
Association of Palliative Care Social Workers. (2016). The role of social workers in palliative, end of life and bereavement care. Retrieved from https://www.apcsw.org.uk/resources/social-work-role-eol.pdf
The Association of Palliative Care Social Workers (UK) outline six practical steps (with accompanying bullet points) that social workers can progress through to support end of life and bereavement care. The steps are:
1. Discussion as the end of life approaches
2. Assessment, care planning and review
3. Coordination of care
4. Delivery of high-quality care in different settings
5. Care in the last days of life
6. Care after death
Further information at https://www.apcsw.org.uk/resources/social-work-role-eol.pdf
Palliative Care Social Work Australia at https://pcswa.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/PCSWA-Palliative-and-End-of-Life-Care-Standards-_FINAL_20May2020.pdf
Palliative Care Australia at https://palliativecare.org.au/im-a-health-professional
As well as the two resources below, Palliative Care Australia has resources for supporting Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders, LGBTI, older people, prisoners and their families, refugees and asylum seekers, and people in rural and remote areas.
(i) Understanding Grief at https://palliativecare.org.au/wp-content/uploads/dlm_uploads/2018/10/PCA_Understanding-Grief.pdf
(ii) The Dying Process at https://palliativecare.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/PCA_The-Dying-Process.pdf
End of Life Essentials (education resource from CareSearch). https://training.caresearch.com.au/learner/course (you will have to register to access the courses).
Information about the following End of Life Essentials topics can be forwarded if requested:
Dying – a normal part of life
Patient-centered and shared decision making
Recognising end of life (including SPICT schema)
Goals of end-of-life care (supporting families, Indigenous palliative care, family meetings)
Effective teamwork (including addressing conflict)
Responding to concerns
Imminent death
Paediatric end-of-life care
States of mind at end of life
Assessing states of mind at end of life including suicidal, anxiety and depression.
Indigenous Palliative Care (my summary of various sources)
Doherty, L, & Barrett, A. (2021). Palliative care needs to address end of life discrimination experienced by LGBTIQ+ people. Retrieved from https://www.croakey.org/palliative-care-needs-to-address-end-of-life-discrimination-experienced-by-lgbtiq-people/
Facing End of Life: a guide for people dying with cancer, their families and friends. https://www.cancer.org.au/assets/pdf/facing-end-of-life
Australian Government has information about death and bereavement that may be useful for people: https://www.servicesaustralia.gov.au/individuals/subjects/death-and-bereavement
palliAGED Practice Tips for Careworkers in Aged Care (2019) https://www.palliaged.com.au/tabid/5538/Default.aspx
Pearson, S. (2022). 5 ways to use music at the end of life. Retrieved from https://volunteerhub.com.au/5-ways-to-use-music-at-the-end-of-life/
Puchalski, C. M. (2001). The role of spirituality in health care. BUMC Proceedings, 14(3), 352-357.
Hughes, M. E. (2015). A strengths perspective on caregiving at the end-of-life. Australian Social Work, 68(2), 156-168. https://doi.org/10.1080/0312407X.2014.910677